Showing posts with label Brain. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Brain. Show all posts

Monday, 5 August 2024

Coffee and Your Brain Health: Striking the Right Balance ☕🧠

Coffee is a global phenomenon, with billions of cups consumed daily. It's a morning ritual for many, a source of comfort, and even a social catalyst. However, a new study presented at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference 2024 (AAIC) has raised questions about the impact of excessive coffee consumption on cognitive health.

The Research: More Than Just a Buzz?
This large-scale study, conducted by Dr. Kelsey R. Sewell and colleagues at Advent Health Research Institute, examined the relationship between coffee and tea intake and cognitive decline in over 8,450 older adults. The results suggest that those who consumed four or more cups of coffee per day experienced a faster decline in fluid intelligence—a measure of cognitive abilities like abstract reasoning and problem-solving—compared to those who drank coffee moderately or not at all.
Key Findings:
 * High Coffee Consumption: Associated with the steepest decline in fluid intelligence over the study period.
 * Moderate Coffee Consumption: May offer some protection against cognitive decline.
 * No Coffee Consumption: Showed slower decline in fluid intelligence compared to high consumption but not as slow as moderate consumption.
The Caffeine Conundrum: How Much is Too Much?
Caffeine, the primary stimulant in coffee, has been linked to various health effects, both positive and negative. While moderate caffeine intake has been associated with improved alertness, focus, and even reduced risk of some diseases, excessive consumption can lead to anxiety, sleep disturbances, and potentially, accelerated cognitive decline as this study suggests.
Recommended Caffeine Intake:
 * The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggests a maximum of 400 milligrams (mg) of caffeine per day for healthy adults, which is roughly equivalent to four cups of coffee.
 * However, individual sensitivity to caffeine varies, and some people may experience adverse effects with lower amounts.
Brewing a Balanced Approach
While this study raises concerns about excessive coffee consumption, it's important to note that it doesn't necessarily mean you need to ditch your daily coffee routine altogether. Instead, it emphasizes the importance of moderation and finding the right balance for your individual needs.
Tips for Moderating Coffee Intake:
 * Track Your Consumption: Be mindful of how many cups of coffee you're drinking per day.
 * Switch to Decaf: Consider alternating between regular and decaf coffee.
 * Explore Tea: This study found that tea consumption, even in large amounts, was not associated with accelerated cognitive decline.
 * Listen to Your Body: Pay attention to how caffeine affects you personally and adjust your intake accordingly.
The Bottom Line: Coffee in Moderation
Coffee, like many things in life, can be enjoyed in moderation as part of a healthy lifestyle. However, it's crucial to be aware of the potential risks associated with excessive consumption, especially as we age. By making informed choices and listening to our bodies, we can continue to enjoy the benefits of coffee without compromising our cognitive health.
Disclaimer: This blog post is intended for informational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Please consult with your healthcare provider regarding any concerns about your caffeine intake or cognitive health.

Why Do You Always Have the Perception That the Queue You're In Is Moving Slower Than the Others?


Illusory correlation is a fascinating psychological phenomenon where people perceive a relationship between two variables even when no such relationship exists. This cognitive bias can significantly influence our decisions and perceptions in daily life. This post explores the concept of illusory correlation, supported by research evidence, and uses common examples such as two queues and waiting for a bus to illustrate its impact.

The Concept of Illusory Correlation
The term "illusory correlation" was first coined by psychologists David Hamilton and Robert Gifford in 1976. Their research demonstrated that people often mistakenly associate certain characteristics with a particular group, even when no actual correlation exists. This phenomenon is a byproduct of the brain's natural tendency to seek patterns and make sense of the world.

Research Evidence: Hamilton and Gifford's seminal study involved participants being shown descriptions of positive and negative behaviours performed by members of two groups, Group A and Group B. Despite the ratio of positive to negative behaviours being identical for both groups, participants perceived Group B, the minority group, more negatively. This study highlighted how the illusory correlation can lead to biased judgments, especially in stereotyping and prejudice.

Further research by Fiedler (2004) expanded on this concept, demonstrating that illusory correlations are not limited to social groups but can occur in various contexts. Fiedler's work suggested that these biases arise from the cognitive processes involved in encoding and retrieving information, where rare or distinctive events are more memorable and thus seem more frequent.

Everyday Examples: To illustrate the concept of illusory correlation, let's delve into two common scenarios: choosing between two queues and waiting for a bus.

The Case of the Two Queues: 
Imagine you are at the supermarket, and you have the choice between two queues. You pick one, but it seems to move slower than the other. You might start to believe that you always choose the slowest queue. This belief is an illusory correlation. In reality, queues move at random paces, and your perception is biased by the times you remember waiting longer.

A study by Vohs and Baumeister (2016) supports this idea, showing that people tend to remember negative experiences more vividly than positive ones. This cognitive bias, known as the "negativity bias," can lead to an exaggerated perception of how often one encounters negative events, such as being in a slow queue.

Waiting for a Bus: 
Another typical example occurs at the bus stop. You might think that buses always arrive just as you walk away or after you've waited for an unusually long time. This perception leads to the belief that you are unlucky with bus timings. Again, this is an illusory correlation. Buses run on schedules, and the waiting time varies due to numerous factors, not just your presence.

Research by Latané and Darley (1970) on the "bystander effect" indirectly touches on this phenomenon. Their work suggests that people are prone to overestimating the frequency of rare events because these events are more memorable. Applying this to the bus stop scenario, you remember the times when the bus arrived just as you walked away more vividly, thus reinforcing the belief in an illusory correlation.

The Mechanisms Behind Illusory Correlation: 
To understand why illusory correlations occur, it's essential to explore the underlying cognitive mechanisms. One primary mechanism is the availability heuristic, a mental shortcut where people rely on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic or decision. Because rare or distinctive events are more memorable, they are more readily available in our minds, leading to biased judgments.

Another mechanism is confirmation bias, where individuals seek out or interpret information in a way that confirms their pre-existing beliefs. If you already believe that you always choose the slowest queue, you are more likely to notice and remember instances that confirm this belief, while ignoring instances that contradict it.

Breaking Down the Bias: 
Understanding illusory correlation helps in recognising and mitigating biases in our thinking. By acknowledging that our brains are wired to find patterns, even where none exist, we can make more rational and evidence-based decisions.

One approach to counteracting illusory correlation is to seek out objective data. For instance, if you suspect that you always choose the slowest queue, track your queue times over a month. You might find that the times average out, revealing no significant difference between your choices.

Another strategy is to increase awareness of cognitive biases. Training programs that focus on cognitive biases and decision-making can help individuals recognize and counteract these tendencies. Research by Morewedge et al. (2015) shows that cognitive bias training can significantly reduce the impact of biases like illusory correlation.

Real-World Implications: 
Illusory correlations are not just confined to everyday inconveniences like queues and bus timings. They have broader implications in various fields, including healthcare, criminal justice, and marketing.

In healthcare, illusory correlations can lead to diagnostic errors. For example, a doctor might overestimate the likelihood of a rare disease because they vividly remember a recent case. In criminal justice, stereotypes and prejudices influenced by illusory correlations can affect jury decisions and law enforcement practices.

In marketing, companies might exploit illusory correlations to influence consumer behaviour. For instance, associating a product with positive traits, even if unfounded, can sway consumer preferences.

Just a conclusion: 
Illusory correlation is a pervasive cognitive bias that affects our perceptions and decisions in subtle yet significant ways. By understanding the mechanisms behind this phenomenon and recognising its presence in everyday life, we can take steps to mitigate its impact. Whether it's choosing the "wrong" queue at the supermarket or feeling unlucky at the bus stop, awareness of illusory correlation can lead to more rational and informed decision-making.

Research continues to shed light on this fascinating aspect of human cognition, reminding us that our brains, while powerful, are not infallible. By embracing a more evidence-based approach to our beliefs and decisions, we can navigate the complexities of daily life with greater clarity and accuracy.

Friday, 31 May 2024

Unveiling the ‘Living Computer’: Pioneering the Future of Computing with Human Brain cells

https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1X54YyVG8eBdfuzPglcm10cJbibm9NZOL
In an audacious leap reminiscent of science fiction turning into reality, the Switzerland-based startup FinalSpark has created what they dub a “living computer”. This intriguing invention consists of 16 mini brains, each fashioned from human brain tissue, assembled to function as a computer processor. This innovation marks a bold foray into what could be the next frontier in computing technology.

The Genesis of the Living Computer
The process begins with brain organoids—tiny, simplified versions of the brain produced from neural stem cells. These organoids are meticulously nurtured in a specially designed environment that supports their survival and growth. The key to transforming these biological entities into computing components lies in connecting them to advanced electrodes. These electrodes not only sustain the mini brains but also enable the conversion of neural activity into digital information that can be used for computational processes.

The Drive towards Sustainable Computing
One of the most compelling advantages of this biocomputer, dubbed the Neuroplatform, is its energy efficiency. Ewelina Kurtys, a scientist and strategic advisor at FinalSpark, notes that neurons can process information using significantly less energy—over a million times less—than traditional digital processors. This stark difference underscores the potential of biological computing to revolutionize our approach to data processing and artificial intelligence (AI).

Advancing AI and Reducing Carbon Footprints
The potential applications of the Neuroplatform extend beyond mere energy savings. This system offers a promising avenue for enhancing AI technologies, particularly in improving the generalization capabilities of AI models. Moreover, by leveraging living neurons for computations, this technology could drastically reduce the environmental impact of traditional computing, notably in terms of greenhouse gas emissions.

A Collaborative Future
FinalSpark is not keeping this groundbreaking technology to itself. The startup has made the Neuroplatform accessible to researchers worldwide, allowing them to remotely conduct various studies, including those focused on AI. This collaborative approach not only accelerates the advancement of biocomputer research but also positions the Neuroplatform as a critical tool in the evolution of AI computing.

Conclusion
As the digital age presses on, the demands on resources continue to escalate, accompanied by increasing concerns over carbon emissions and environmental sustainability. In this context, FinalSpark’s living computer emerges not just as a technological marvel but as a beacon of sustainable innovation. This fusion of biology and technology could well redefine the landscape of computing, making it more efficient, powerful, and environmentally friendly.

References:
Kurtys, E. (2024). FinalSpark Company Blog. [online] Available at: [FinalSpark Blog]
Tom’s Hardware. (2024). “Scientists Connect 16 Mini Brains Made of Human Tissue to Create a ‘Living Computer’.” [online] Available at: [Tom’s Hardware Article]
Nature. (2023). “Applications and implications of biological computing.” [online] Available at: [Nature Article]

This venture into the utilisation of human tissue for computational purposes not only opens new avenues in technological advancements but also poses ethical and philosophical questions that we as a society must address. As we stand on the brink of potentially revolutionary changes, the dialogue between innovation and ethics becomes ever more crucial.

Thursday, 16 May 2024

The Unseen Impact of Chronic Pain: Accelerating Brain Aging


Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is more than just a source of discomfort—it may also be a catalyst for accelerated brain aging, according to a compelling study recently published in *Nature Mental Health*. This groundbreaking research, involving over 9,000 adults with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) from the UK Biobank, highlights a troubling link between chronic pain and the rapid progression of cognitive decline.

Using advanced MRI techniques, the research team developed a "brain age" model that starkly contrasted the biological brain age of individuals with their chronological age. Those suffering from KOA exhibited a notably faster rate of brain aging compared to their healthier counterparts. This acceleration was particularly pronounced in the hippocampus, a region of the brain integral to memory, which consequently indicated a higher risk of dementia.

Jiao Liu, a PhD candidate at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and co-first author of the study, explained, "Our findings not only underscore the severity of brain aging in patients with knee osteoarthritis but also offer a neural marker for early detection and possible intervention."

The study also sheds light on potential genetic underpinnings of this phenomenon. Researchers pointed to the SLC39A8 gene, highly expressed in glial cells, as a possible genetic factor in accelerated brain aging. This discovery opens up new avenues for therapeutic targets that could mitigate the adverse effects of CMP on cognitive health.

https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=10WMR2NNCx4dVQm1jznPKLmEKQpsYNy_2
Caption: Advanced MRI imaging highlighting areas impacted by chronic pain.

CMP affects a staggering 40% of the global population and has long been known to impair cognitive function. This research provides crucial insights into how inflammation, commonly associated with osteoarthritis, might not only affect joint health but also cognitive functions by speeding up the aging process in the brain.

Dr. Shaheen Lakhan, a neurologist and researcher from Miami, Florida, emphasized the significance of these findings. "This study reveals that inflammation could be a double-edged sword, impacting both joints and cognitive health. It's as if the brain is wearing a disguise, appearing older than it really is," he commented.

However, it's not all doom and gloom. Dr. Lakhan highlighted the proactive steps individuals can take to safeguard their cognitive health. "Regular exercise, a nutritious diet, and mental stimulation remain potent strategies to stave off dementia," he advised, suggesting that effective chronic pain management should be considered an additional component in one's brain health regimen.

https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1ZubXqK9oo6wxR42jObXVFZnPf-oYiarC
Caption: Engaging in regular physical and mental activities can help slow brain aging.

As we move forward, this research not only deepens our understanding of the complex relationship between chronic pain and brain health but also underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions that could alleviate the cognitive consequences of conditions like KOA.

In conclusion, while chronic pain is often viewed through the lens of physical discomfort, its impact on brain health cannot be overlooked. With this new understanding, patients and healthcare providers can better address the multifaceted challenges of chronic pain, potentially leading to improved overall well-being and prolonged cognitive vitality.

Friday, 3 May 2024

Boosting Brain Power: Can Brain Training Really Enhance Cognitive Function?

https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1LnjIegDlIXtsRj_xwj2ywVJuMgls3hlH
In a world where mental sharpness is as prized as physical health, the allure of brain training programs promising enhanced cognitive functions and a shield against decline is understandably compelling. The question, however, remains: do these brain exercises truly live up to their claims?

The Science Behind Brain Training
Brain training, often encapsulated in tasks designed to boost various cognitive abilities, has surged in popularity over recent years. According to Yuko Hara, PhD, from the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, these activities are geared towards fortifying specific cognitive functions through repeated practice.

Dr. Manuel Montero-Odasso from the Gait and Brain Lab emphasizes that such cognitive training hinges on intensifying attentional demands to bolster focus, memory, and concentration. This is achieved through neuroplasticity—the brain's remarkable ability to form new synaptic connections. Essentially, engaging in new cognitive activities can potentially stimulate the brain's frontal regions, fostering new neural pathways.
https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1PkV6q1IjwJI-nupfnmJhsghowxm_DyQd
Neuroplasticity involves the formation of new neural connections in response to learning or experience.

Does It Really Work?
The notion that these exercises can build a "cognitive reserve" to delay or even prevent conditions like Alzheimer's is supported by some neuroscientists, including Michael Merzenich, PhD, a professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco. Merzenich suggests that a combination of brain training and physical exercise could be crucial in managing brain health.

However, the effectiveness of brain training programs has been a hotbed of debate. While some studies show that these exercises can improve performance on specific tasks, the transfer of these enhancements to daily cognitive functions or the broader prevention of cognitive decline remains uncertain. Critics argue that improvements in task performance may not necessarily translate into real-world benefits, pointing to the need for more comprehensive and clinically rigorous studies.

Henry Mahncke, PhD, CEO of Posit Science, argues that effective brain training should focus on reducing the "cognitive noise" or inefficiencies that increase with age. By refining the brain's processing speed and accuracy, these programs can potentially rejuvenate cognitive functions.

What Does the Research Say?
Noteworthy among the body of research is the ACTIVE study, which indicated that certain types of cognitive training could reduce the risk of dementia. Participants who engaged in speed-of-processing training displayed significantly lower dementia incidence compared to those who received no training.

Additionally, the SYNERGIC study led by Montero-Odasso found that combining physical exercise with cognitive training significantly improved cognitive scores among older adults with mild cognitive impairment, suggesting a synergistic effect of multi-domain interventions.

Beyond Formal Programs
It's not just about formal training programs. Engaging in a variety of mentally stimulating activities like puzzles, learning new skills, or even social dancing can also contribute to cognitive health. The novelty and challenge of these activities can stimulate the brain and possibly delay cognitive decline.

The Verdict
So, does brain training work? The answer is nuanced. While there's evidence supporting the benefits of specific brain training interventions, the general consensus suggests a more measured approach. The effectiveness of brain training might depend significantly on the type of activity, its intensity, and the individual's baseline cognitive function.

For those interested in exploring brain training, it may be worthwhile as one component of a holistic approach to cognitive health that also includes physical exercise, a healthy diet, and social engagement.

As we continue to unravel the complexities of the human brain, what's clear is the potential of our grey matter to adapt and evolve. Whether through high-tech apps or traditional puzzles, nurturing our cognitive abilities is undeniably a wise investment in our future mental health.

Navigating the Future of Brain Health
As research continues to evolve, the pursuit of maintaining and enhancing brain function through cognitive exercises remains a dynamic and promising field. The intersection of technology and neuroscience offers unprecedented opportunities to innovate and refine brain training methodologies. Future studies and technological advancements are likely to deepen our understanding of how to most effectively engage our brains in meaningful ways.

Integrating Brain Training into Everyday Life
For those eager to integrate brain training into their daily routine, the approach should be balanced and varied. Here are a few practical tips:
1. Diversify Your Activities: Engage in different types of cognitive exercises to challenge various parts of your brain. This could include a mix of memory games, problem-solving tasks, and puzzles.
2. Consistency is Key: Regular practice is crucial. Just as with physical exercise, the benefits of brain training accumulate over time.
3. Combine Mental and Physical Exercise: Incorporate physical activities that also require mental engagement, such as yoga, dancing, or team sports, which can enhance cognitive function and overall health.
4. Stay Social: Engage in social activities that challenge your brain. Book clubs, group learning, and social gatherings stimulate conversation and cognitive skills.
5. Monitor Your Progress: Use apps or journals to track your progress. Monitoring improvements can motivate you to stick with your brain training regimen.

Ethical and Commercial Considerations
As brain training becomes more commercialized, it's essential to approach these tools with a critical eye. Consumers should be wary of claims that seem too good to be true and seek programs that have robust scientific backing. Transparency about the benefits and limitations of these tools, as provided by reputable sources, will be crucial for informed decision-making.

The Role of Healthcare Providers
Healthcare providers can play a significant role in guiding patients through the maze of brain health options. By staying informed about the latest research and understanding the individual needs of their patients, clinicians can recommend the most appropriate and effective strategies for maintaining cognitive health.

Looking Ahead
The journey to unlocking the full potential of our cognitive capabilities is ongoing. With continued research, innovation, and public interest, the future of brain training holds exciting possibilities. Whether it's through sophisticated software or simple daily activities, the goal remains the same: to keep our minds sharp and resilient as we age.

In conclusion, while brain training alone is not a magic bullet for preventing cognitive decline, it represents a promising piece of the puzzle. When combined with a healthy lifestyle and active social engagement, it has the potential to contribute significantly to our cognitive longevity and quality of life.

Stay tuned for more insights and updates on cognitive health at MyRationalThoughts.com (https://www.myrationalthoughts.com). Join the conversation and share your experiences with brain training in the comments below or on our social media platforms. Together, let's explore the fascinating world of brain health and push the boundaries of what our minds can achieve!

Monday, 11 December 2023

The Excessive TV-Watching will cause Dementia, Depression and Parkinson’s Disease

https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=11ceGYb9jQ4z3pY4zLAsQLY4FSKqmq4Qq
In a digital age where screens often dominate our daily lives, a recent study published in the International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity offers a thought-provoking insight into the health implications of our viewing habits. This comprehensive analysis, led by Dr. Hanzhang Wu of Tianjin University of Traditional Medicine, China, reveals a concerning correlation between excessive television-watching and an increased risk of dementia, Parkinson's Disease (PD), and depression.

The Study: A Deep Dive into Digital Habits and Health
The research tapped into the UK Biobank, analyzing data from 473,184 individuals aged 39-72 years, followed from 2006 to either a diagnosis of dementia, PD, depression, death, or the study's end. Participants reported their non-work related activities, including exercise, TV-watching, and computer use, alongside undergoing MRI scans to measure brain volume.

The Findings: TV Time and Its Toll
The study's results paint a stark picture: those who indulged in over four hours of TV daily faced a 28% higher risk of dementia, a 35% higher risk of depression, and a 16% greater risk of PD compared to those who watched less than an hour. These figures stand as a cautionary tale against the sedentary lifestyle often associated with excessive TV consumption.

A Silver Lining: Moderate Computer Use
Contrastingly, the study found that moderate computer use (30-60 minutes per day) appeared somewhat protective, lowering the risks for dementia, PD, and depression. This finding challenges the blanket notion that all screen time is detrimental, suggesting that the content and context of digital consumption are key factors.

Exercise: A Vital Substitute
Perhaps most strikingly, replacing just 30 minutes of computer time with structured exercise significantly reduced the risks for dementia and PD. This highlights the immense value of physical activity as a cornerstone of neurological health.

Understanding the Underlying Mechanism
The researchers speculate that the negative impact of prolonged TV-watching might stem from its sedentary nature, which is linked to low-grade inflammation. This inflammation could contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, accelerating the onset of diseases like dementia and PD.

Limitations and Considerations
While the study offers valuable insights, it's crucial to note its reliance on self-reported data, which can be subject to recall bias. Additionally, there may be other confounding variables not accounted for in the research.

The Takeaway: Rethinking Our Screen Habits
This study serves as a wake-up call to reassess our daily routines. It suggests that while moderate, purposeful screen use (like computer work) can be part of a healthy lifestyle, excessive, passive screen time (like prolonged TV-watching) might have dire health implications.

 In Practice: Balancing Screen Time with Active Living

For individuals and healthcare professionals alike, the message is clear: balance is key. Integrating regular physical activity into our routines and being mindful of our screen habits could be crucial steps in safeguarding our neurological health.

As we navigate a world increasingly oriented around digital screens, this study underscores the importance of staying active and engaged in a variety of activities. It's not just about cutting screen time; it's about enhancing our overall lifestyle to nurture our physical and mental well-being.

Monday, 31 July 2023

Snoring Could Be Harming Your Brain

Snoring and Your Brain: What the Nightly Rumble May Mean for Your Brain Health

https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1z1TKxNyOzBEqWVnAGYEKuIuM-eWe8AfT

Do you snore, or know someone who does? While it may be a source of light-hearted teasing or frustration within a family, the implications of snoring could be far more serious than we think. Recent research from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris-Cité suggests that habitual snorers might be fast-forwarding the aging process of their brains and inadvertently compromising their brain health.

The underlying factor in the harm caused by snoring is the deprivation of deep sleep, the phase of sleep crucial for physical and mental restoration. The study finds that the regular, loud snorers with obstructed breathing, often the tell-tale signs of sleep apnea, stand at higher risk of developing symptoms of grave conditions like stroke, Alzheimer's disease, or general cognitive decline. 

The evidence for this alarming theory lies in the presence of tiny lesions on the brain, known as white matter hyperintensities. These biomarkers give an indication of the brain's health status and are more prevalent with age or uncontrolled high blood pressure. However, these lesions appeared more abundantly in participants with severe sleep apnea compared to those with mild or moderate conditions. This suggests a correlation between the severity of sleep-disordered breathing and the state of the brain's health.

Astonishingly, the study found that for every 10% decrease in deep sleep, there was an increase in these white matter hyperintensities, equivalent to the brain aging 2.3 years. This process signifies a decrease in the integrity of the axons, the elongated part of a nerve cell that allows communication between cells. Alarmingly, the same 10% reduction of deep sleep was also associated with reducing the integrity of these axons, leading to an effect similar to the brain appearing 3 years older.

This groundbreaking research emphasises the importance of quality sleep and paints a grim picture of the potential implications of untreated snoring. However, as the understanding of the relationship between snoring, deep sleep, and brain health continues to evolve, individuals have the opportunity to take control of their sleep health.

So, if you or a loved one is a chronic snorer, consider seeking professional medical advice. Simple lifestyle changes, or in more severe cases, medical interventions, could not only lead to quieter nights but also contribute significantly to preserving your cognitive health. In essence, protecting your sleep could mean protecting your brain, and that's something worth losing a little sleep over.

Monday, 12 June 2023

The Role of Multivitamins in Memory Boost and Slowing Cognitive Aging

https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1QfMqcMIcf9rdiZyw9aCryySwOo3RkQNi

We've all heard the adage, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away," but recent research suggests that a multivitamin might be a worthwhile addition to our daily routine. A study co-authored by Dr. JoAnn Manson, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, has offered some enlightening insights into the benefits of daily multivitamin supplementation, particularly for older adults.

The research is part of the second Cocoa Supplement and Multivitamins Outcome Study (COSMOS), a collaborative effort between Brigham and Columbia University. The findings, which have been published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, suggest that regular multivitamin intake can not only enhance memory but also slow cognitive aging.

Nutrition and Cognitive Health

The human brain requires an array of nutrients to function optimally. Deficiencies in certain micronutrients, such as vitamin B12, thiamin, other B vitamins, lutein, magnesium, and zinc, can accelerate cognitive decline, hence emphasizing the importance of a nutritionally balanced diet for maintaining brain health.

In the trial, 3500 participants aged 60 or older took part in a web-based memory test. Those in the multivitamin group outperformed the placebo group in memory tests and word recall, an outcome that's roughly equivalent to slowing age-related memory loss by about three years. The benefits were noticeable from the first year and lasted throughout the three-year trial duration.

Multivitamins and Cardiovascular Health

An intriguing pattern that emerged from the COSMOS trial, as well as the earlier COSMOS-Mind study, was that participants with a history of cardiovascular disease showed the most significant improvement from multivitamin supplementation. This improvement could potentially be due to their lower initial nutrient status, but this area needs further exploration.

A Balanced Perspective

Despite the promising findings, Dr. Manson stressed that multivitamins are not a magic bullet. They should complement a healthy diet and lifestyle, not replace them. It's also crucial to remember that the trials tested recommended dietary allowances, not megadoses of micronutrients. High doses might not only lack the same cognitive benefits, but they might also lead to toxicity or interfere with the absorption of other nutrients.

Safety and Quality

The multivitamins used in the trial, including Centrum Silver, were found to be safe, without any clear risks or safety concerns. Importantly, Dr. Manson clarified that these benefits are not brand-specific; other high-quality multivitamins should also confer similar advantages. As a rule of thumb, consumers should always check for quality-control documentation, such as seals from the US Pharmacopeia, National Science Foundation, ConsumerLab.com, or other auditors.

Looking to the Future

This research offers an exciting glimpse into the potential benefits of multivitamin supplementation as a safe, accessible, and affordable approach to protecting cognitive health in older adults. Yet, there's more work to be done. Future research needs to pinpoint who is most likely to benefit and delve deeper into the biological mechanisms involved. It's also up to expert committees to evaluate the research and determine whether changes in nutritional guidelines are warranted.

In summary, a daily multivitamin could be a small addition to our routines with potentially significant benefits for our cognitive health. Yet, it should serve as a complementary strategy to a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle, not a substitute. As always, remember to discuss any new supplements with a healthcare provider to ensure they're right for your personal health situation.

Sunday, 23 April 2023

Had COVID? Part of the Virus May Stick Around in Your Brain

https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1tNF1mW6_OfJ39HCsbEqO3DdZ1lF4LpHb

If you or someone you know is experiencing "brain fog" after COVID-19, scientists now have a possible explanation — and it might not bring much comfort.

Researchers in Germany found that part of the virus, the spike protein, remains in the brain long after the virus clears out.

 

These investigators discovered the spike protein from the virus in brain tissue of animals and people after death. The finding suggests these virus fragments build up, stick around, and trigger inflammation that causes long COVID symptoms.


About 15% of COVID patients continue to have long-term effects of the infection despite their recovery, said senior study author Ali Ertürk, PhD, director of the Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine at the Helmholtz Center Munich in Germany.

 

Reported neurological problems include brain fog, brain tissue loss, a decline in thinking abilities, and problems with memory, he said.


"These symptoms clearly suggest damages and long-term changes caused by SARS-CoV-2 in the brain, the exact molecular mechanisms of which are still poorly understood," Ertürk said.

 

The researchers also propose a way the spike protein can get into the brain in their preprint report published online before peer review April 5 on bioRxiv.

Delivered by circulating blood, the spike protein can stay inside small openings in the bone marrow of the skull called niches. It can also reside in the meninges, thin layers of cells that act as a buffer between the skull and the brain. From there, one theory goes, the spike protein uses channels to enter the brain itself.

The hope is researchers can develop treatments that block one or more steps in this process and help people avoid long COVID brain issues.

 

'Very Concerning'

"This is a very concerning report that literally demonstrates the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the skull-meninges-brain axis in postmortem individuals," said Eric Topol, MD, director of the Scripps Research Translational Institute in La Jolla, CA, and editor-in-chief of Medscape, WebMD's sister site for medical professionals.


Having the spike protein accumulate in structures right outside the brain and causing ongoing inflammation makes sense to Topol. The clustering of spike proteins would trigger an immune response from this niche reservoir of immune cells that cause the inflammation associated with long COVID and the symptoms such as brain fog, he said.

 

Problems with thinking and memory after COVID infection are relatively common. One research team found 22% of people with long COVID specifically reported this issue, on average, across 43 published studies. Even people who had mild COVID illness can develop brain fog later, Ertürk and colleagues note.

 

So why are researchers blaming the spike protein and not the whole COVID virus? As part of the study, they found SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in some people after death and not in others, suggesting the virus does not need to be there to trigger brain fog. They also injected the spike protein directly into the brains of mice and showed it can cause cells to die.

Researchers also found no SARS-CoV-2 virus in the brain parenchyma, the functional tissue in the brain containing nerve cells and non-nerve (called glial) cells, but they did detect the spike protein there.


Surprising Findings

Investigators were surprised to find spike protein in the skull niches of people who survived COVID and died later from another cause. Ertürk, lead author and PhD student Zhouyi Rong, and their colleagues found spike protein in 10 of 34 skulls from people who died from non-COVID causes in 2021 and 2022.

 

They also found COVID can change how proteins act in and around the brain. Some of these proteins are linked to Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, but have never before been linked to the virus

Another unexpected finding was how close the findings were in mice and humans. There was a "remarkable similarity of distribution of the viral spike protein and dysregulated proteins identified in the mouse and human samples," Ertürk said.


Future Treatments?

Tests for protein changes in the skull or meninges would be invasive but possible compared to sampling the parenchyma inside the brain. Even less invasive would be testing blood samples for altered proteins that could identify people most at risk of developing brain complications after COVID illness.


It will take more brain science to get there. "Designing treatment strategies for these neurological symptoms requires an in-depth knowledge of molecules dysregulated by the virus in the brain tissues," Ertürk said.

Wednesday, 22 March 2023

Parkinson Disease

Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders, affecting approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years and causing progressive disability that can be slowed, but not halted, by treatment. The 2 major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease are loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites.


Signs and symptoms
https://drive.google.com/uc?export=view&id=1kEMxO4RssoNR94qTF5velJErtk-kw_S5



Initial clinical symptoms of Parkinson disease include the following:

  • Tremor
  • Subtle decrease in dexterity
  • Decreased arm swing on the first-involved side
  • Soft voice
  • Decreased facial expression
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder (RBD; a loss of normal atonia during REM sleep)
  • Decreased sense of smell
  • Symptoms of autonomic dysfunction (eg, constipation, sweating abnormalities, sexual dysfunction, seborrheic dermatitis)
  • A general feeling of weakness, malaise, or lassitude
  • Depression or anhedonia
  • Slowness in thinkin

Onset of motor signs include the following:

  • Typically asymmetric
  • The most common initial finding is a resting tremor in an upper extremity
  • Over time, patients experience progressive bradykinesia, rigidity, and gait difficulty
  • Axial posture becomes progressively flexed and strides become shorter
  • Postural instability (balance impairment) is a late phenomenon

Nonmotor symptoms

Nonmotor symptoms are common in early Parkinson disease. Recognition of the combination of nonmotor and motor symptoms can promote early diagnosis and thus early intervention, which often results in a better quality of life.

Diagnosis

Parkinson disease is a clinical diagnosis. No laboratory biomarkers exist for the condition, and findings on routine magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans are unremarkable.

Clinical diagnosis requires the presence of 2 of 3 cardinal signs:

  • Resting tremor
  • Rigidity
  • Bradykinesia

Management

The goal of medical management of Parkinson disease is to provide control of signs and symptoms for as long as possible while minimizing adverse effects.

Symptomatic drug therapy

  • Usually provides good control of motor signs of Parkinson disease for 4-6 years
  • Levodopa/carbidopa: The gold standard of symptomatic treatment
  • Monoamine oxidase (MAO)–B inhibitors: Can be considered for initial treatment of early disease
  • Other dopamine agonists (eg, ropinirole, pramipexole): Monotherapy in early disease and adjunctive therapy in moderate to advanced disease
  • Anticholinergic agents (eg, trihexyphenidyl, benztropine): Second-line drugs for tremor only

Treatment for nonmotor symptoms

  • Sildenafil citrate (Viagra): For erectile dysfunction
  • Polyethylene glycol: For constipation
  • Modafinil: For excessive daytime somnolence
  • Methylphenidate: For fatigue (potential for abuse and addiction)

Deep brain stimulation

  • Surgical procedure of choice for Parkinson disease
  • Does not involve destruction of brain tissue
  • Reversible
  • Can be adjusted as the disease progresses or adverse events occur
  • Bilateral procedures can be performed without a significant increase in adverse events

Prognosis

Before the introduction of levodopa, Parkinson disease caused severe disability or death in 25% of patients within 5 years of onset, 65% within 10 years, and 89% within 15 years. The mortality rate from Parkinson disease was 3 times that of the general population matched for age, sex, and racial origin. With the introduction of levodopa, the mortality rate dropped approximately 50%, and longevity was extended by many years. This is thought to be due to the symptomatic effects of levodopa, as no clear evidence suggests that levodopa stems the progressive nature of the disease.

The American Academy of Neurology notes that the following clinical features may help predict the rate of progression of Parkinson disease :
Older age at onset and initial rigidity/hypokinesia can be used to predict (1) a more rapid rate of motor progression in those with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease and (2) earlier development of cognitive decline and dementia; however, initially presenting with tremor may predict a more benign disease course and longer therapeutic benefit from levodopa
A faster rate of motor progression may also be predicted if the patient is male, has associated comorbidities, and has postural instability/gait difficulty (PIGD)
Older age at onset, dementia, and decreased responsiveness to dopaminergic therapy may predict earlier nursing home placement and decreased survival
Patient Education

Patients with Parkinson disease should be encouraged to participate in decision making regarding their condition. In addition, individuals and their caregivers should be provided with information that is appropriate for their disease state and expected or ongoing challenges. Psychosocial support and concerns should be addressed and/or referred to a social worker or psychologist as needed.

Prevention of falls should be discussed. The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence has several guidance documents including those for patients and caregivers.

Other issues that commonly need to be addressed at appropriate times in the disease course include cognitive decline, personality changes, depression, dysphagia, sleepiness and fatigue, and impulse control disorders. Additional information is also often needed for financial planning, insurance issues, disability application, and placement (assisted living facility, nursing home).